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[¥Í¬¡­^»y] ¶W±j¥h¦¾¯«¾¹:¤f¤ô Spit to Clean

¶W±j¥h¦¾¯«¾¹:¤f¤ô Spit to Clean


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§@ªÌ Bruce E. Bagnell
¥»¹Ï¤å¥X³Bhttps://www.ivy.com.tw/newsLetter/analysis_cont/2022052413493734625
MP3https://www.dropbox.com/s/1e876xujo616opw/MP3.rar?dl=0


¥Ø¿ý / Tips & Analysis / ¤¤¤å½Ķ(& µª®×)
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        Saliva, the natural liquid formed inside an animal¡¦s mouth, has some surprising uses. For example, saliva contains special enzymes, amylase and lipase, which break down some of the starches and fats that can form solid, sticky materials. Thus, saliva helps __1__ food as soon as it enters the mouth. In addition, the slightly warm and acidic __2__ of this natural liquid have a particular benefit in one of the least likely environments.

        That environment is the workshop of an art museum. Priceless antique paintings accumulate dust and dirt over time, causing darker and less colorful surfaces. The problem for conservators, trained specialists who clean and preserve artworks, is how to __3__ the built-up grime safely. They have many tools at their __4__. Surprisingly, human saliva is one of them.

        Since human saliva is no-cost, sustainable, and non-toxic, it is ideally __5__ as
a cleaning agent. Working patiently and carefully, a conservator can slowly remove accumulation of grime from a surface. Thus, the artwork¡¦s __6__ paint colors can be seen just as they were when first painted. Traditionally, a layer of varnish was applied to paintings as a protective coating. The varnish not only protects the colors from __7__ but also acts as a surface for small particles to stick to. In most cases, a surface that has been varnished is easier for the conservator to clean than one that hasn¡¦t. Saliva, as it turns out, is one of the best __8__ for cleaning varnished artwork.

        Art workshops are not the only surprising places where saliva shows its __9__. Soldiers in their barracks can tell you that the best shine one can make on a hard leather boot is by __10__ spit onto just-applied boot polish. If treated properly, the boot can be so shiny that you can even see your reflection in it!



(A) suited (B) substances (C) fading (D) digest (E) disposal

(F) rubbing (G) usefulness (H) qualities ( I ) original (J) eliminate



µª®×: 1.D 2.H 3.J 4.E 5.A 6.I 7.C 8.B 9.G 10.F




³æ¦r¤ù»y¾ã²z
Words in Use
¡´
quality [£¿kwɑlətÈþ]

n. «~½è¡]¤£¥i¼Æ¡^¡F¯S¼x / ©Ê¡]¥i¼Æ¡^
¡´
shine [ÈõaÈþn]

n. ¥ú«G
vt. À¿«G
vi. µo«G¡A·ÓÄ£
¡´
reflection [rÈþ£¿flÈ÷kÈõən]

n. ¤Ï®g¡F¼ô«ä
¡´
agent [£¿edʒənt]

n. ¥N²z°Ó¡A¸g¬ö¤H
¡´
original [ə£¿rÈþdʒən!]

a. ­ì¨Óªº¡F­ì³Ðªº
n. ­ìµÛ¡A­ì¤å
¡´
rub [rʌb]

vt. & vi. & n. ¼¯À¿¡A´|·b
¡´
particle [£¿pɑrtÈþk!]

n. ·L²É¡F²É¤l
¡´
sustainable [sə£¿stenəb!]

a. ¥iºû«ùªº¡F¥i«ùÄòªº
¡´
preserve [prÈþ£¿zɝv]

vt. «O¦s¡Fºû«ù¡F¾M»s
n. ªGÂæ¡A»eÀ^¡]±`¥Î½Æ¼Æ¡^
¡´
eliminate [Èþ£¿lÈþmə͵net]

.vt. Äè·À¡F­ç°£¡A²^¨O
¡´
polish [£¿pɑlÈþÈõ]

.vt. À¿«G¡F§ï¶i
n. ¿i¥ú¡AÀ¿«G
¡´
digest [daÈþ£¿dʒÈ÷st]

.vt. ®ø¤Æ
n. ºK­n
¡´
workshop [£¿wɝk͵Èõɑp]

n. ¬ã°Q·|¡F¤u§@«Ç
¡´
antique [æn£¿tik]

n. ¥j¸³
a. ¥j¸³ªº
¡´
benefit [£¿bÈ÷nəfÈþt]

n. §Q¯q
vt. ¦³¯q©ó
vi. Àò¯q¡]»P¤¶µü from ¨Ã¥Î¡^
¡´
substance [£¿sʌbstəns]

n. ª«½è
¡´
disposal [dÈþ£¿spoz!]

¡´
accumulate [ə£¿kjumjə͵let]

vt. & vi. . ²Ö¿n
¡´
accumulation [ə͵kjumjə£¿leÈõən]

n. . ²Ö¿n
¡´
fade [fed]

vi. ¿Æ¦â¡Fº¥®z
¡´
starch [stɑrtÈõ]
n. ¾ý¯»
¡´
suited [£¿sutÈþd]

a. ¾A¦Xªº
¡´
usefulness [£¿jusfəlnÈþs]

n. ¦³¥Î¡A¹ê¥Î©Ê
¡´
saliva [sə£¿laÈþvə]
n. ¤f¤ô¡A³è²G
¡´
acidic [ə£¿sÈþdÈþk]

a. »Ä©Êªº¡F»ÄÀߪº
¡´
conservator [£¿kɑnsɚ͵vetɚ]
n. ºûÅ@®v¡A¤åª«ºÞ²z­û
¡´
grime [graÈþm]
n. ¹Ð«¯
¡´
non-toxic [ˌnɑnˈtɑksÈþk]
a. µL¬rªº
¡´
varnish [£¿vɑrnÈþÈõ]
n. «G¥úº£
vt. µ¹⋯⋯¶î¤W«G¥úº£
¡´
coating [£¿kotÈþÈü]
n. ¶î¼h¡A¥~¼h
¡´
barracks [£¿bærəks]
Àç©Ð¡A§LÀç¡]«í¥Î½Æ¼Æ¡^
Practical Phrases
¡´
stick to... °í¦u¡K¡K
Whatever I do, I stick to my principles.
¤£ºÞ°µ¤°»ò¨Æ¡A§Ú³£·|ºò¦u­ì«h¡C

¡´
a layer of... ¤@¼h¡K¡K
We found that all the furniture in the house was covered with a fine layer of dust.
§Ú­Ìµo²{«Î¤l¸Ìªº©Ò¦³³Ã­Ñ³£Âл\µÛ¤@¼h²Ó¦Ç¡C

¡´
break down ¡]¨®½ø¡^©ßÁã¡F¡]¾÷¾¹¡^¬G»Ù¡F¡]±¡ºü¡^ ±Y¼ì
The car broke down in the middle of nowhere.
³o½ø¨®¤l¦b¯î­¥³¥¥~©ßÁã¤F¡C

¡´
apply to + ¾÷Ãö¢A¾Ç®Õ¢A¤½¥qµ¥¡@ ¦V¾÷Ãö¡þ¾Ç®Õ¡þ¤½¥qµ¥´£¥X¥Ó½Ð
Darius has applied to the bank for a loan.
¹F·ç¤h¤w¦V»È¦æ¥Ó½Ð¶U´Ú¡C

¡´
act as ¥R·í⋯⋯
An umbrella can act as a cane when you go hiking in the mountains.
·í§A¨ì¤s¤W°·¦æ®É¡A³Ê¥i¥H¥R·íÏ^§ú¥Î¡C

¡´
as it turns out µ²ªG¡þ¨Æ¹êÃÒ©ú¡A⋯⋯
As it turns out, our new manager is Amy, not Luke.
µ²ªG§Ú­Ì·sªº¸g²z¬O¦ã«}¡A¤£¬O¸ô§J¡C

Tips & Analysis


1. Thus, saliva helps digest food as soon as it enters the mouth.

²z¥Ñ

a. ªÅ®æ«e¦³°Êµü helps(À°§U)¡A¦ÓªÅ®æ«á¦³¦Wµü food(­¹ª«)¡A¬Gª¾ªÅ®æÀ³¸m¤J­ì§Î¤Îª«°Êµü¥H ²Å¦X ¡§help + V¡¨ ªº¥Îªk¡A©Î¸m§Î®eµü¡B¤Àµü¥H ­×¹¢food¡C

b. ¿ï¶µ¤¤°£¤F (B) substances¡B(E) disposal¡B(G) usefulness ¤Î (H) qualities ¥~¬Ò²Å¦X±ø¥ó¡A®Ú ¾Ú»y·N¡A¤f¤ô§t¦³¯S®íªº酶¡A¯à¤À¸Ñ¾ý¯»»P¯×ªÕ¡A ¦]¦¹¡A¤f¤ô¯à¦b­¹ª«¤@¶i¨ì¼L¸Ì´NÀ°§U¡u®ø¤Æ¡v­¹ ª«¡A¥iª¾µª®×À³¿ï (D) digest¡C



2. In addition, the slightly warm and acidic qualities of this natural liquid have a particular benefit in one of the least likely environments.

²z¥Ñ

a. ªÅ®æ«e¦³©w«aµü the ¤Î§Î®eµü warm and acidic (·Å¼ö¥B»Äªº)¡A¦ÓªÅ®æ«á¦³¤¶µü of¡A¥B®Ú¾Ú¥»¥y °Êµü have¡A¬Gª¾ªÅ®æÀ³¸m¤J½Æ¼Æ¦Wµü¥H³Q warm and acidic ­×¹¢¡C

b. ¿ï¶µ¤¤¦³ (B) substances ¤Î (H) qualities ²Å¦X±ø¥ó¡A®Ú¾Ú»y·N¡A¦b¤@­Ó³Ì·N·Q¤£¨ìªºÀô¹Ò¤¤¡A³oºØ ¦ÛµM²GÅé©Ò±a¦³ªº·L¼ö¥B»Ä©Êªº¡u¯S©Ê¡v¦³­Ó¯S§O ªº¦n³B¡A¥iª¾µª®×À³¿ï (H)¡C



3. The problem for conservators, trained specialists who clean and preserve artworks, is how to eliminate the built-up grime safely.

²z¥Ñ

a. ªÅ®æ«e¦³¤Þ¾É¤£©wµü¤ù»yªº to¡A¦ÓªÅ®æ«á¦³¦Wµüµü ²Õ the built-up grime(°ï¿nªº¹Ð«¯)¡A¬Gª¾ªÅ®æÀ³ ¸m¤J­ì§Î¤Îª«°Êµü¡C

b. ¿ï¶µ¤¤¶È³Ñ (J) eliminate ²Å¦X±ø¥ó¡A¸m¤J«áªí¹ï ©óºûÅ@®v¨Ó»¡¡A°ÝÃD¬O­n¦p¦ó¦w¥þ¦a¡u²M°£¡v°ï¿n ªº¹Ð«¯¡A¬G¿ï¤§¡C



4. They have many tools at their disposal.

²z¥Ñ ²z¥Ñ

a. ªÅ®æ«e¦³©Ò¦³®æ their¡A¬Gª¾ªÅ®æÀ³¸m¤J¦Wµü¡C

b. ¿ï¶µ¤¤©|¦³ (B) substances¡B(E) disposal¡B(G) usefulness ¤Î (I) original ²Å¦X±ø¥ó¡A®Ú¾Ú»y·N¡A ºûÅ@®v¦b²M°£°ï¿nªº¹Ð«¯®É¡A¦³³\¦h¤u¨ã¨Ñ¥L­Ì ¡u¨Ï¥Î¡v¡A¥iª¾µª®×À³¿ï (E)¡A¥B¸m¤J«á¥ç²Å¦X ¡§at one¡¦s disposal¡¨ ªº¥Îªk¡C



5. Since human saliva is no-cost, sustainable, and non-toxic, it is ideally suited as a cleaning agent.

²z¥Ñ

a. ªÅ®æ«e¦³°Æµü ideally(«D±`¦a)¡A¦ÓªÅ®æ«á¦³¤¶µü as¡A¬Gª¾ªÅ®æÀ³¸m¤J§Î®eµü©Î¤Àµü¡A¥H³Q ideally ­×¹¢¡C

b . ³Ñ¾l¿ï¶µ°£¤F (B) substances ¤Î (G) usefulness ¥~¬Ò²Å¦X±ø¥ó¡A®Ú¾Ú»y·N¡A¥Ñ©ó¤HÃþªº¤f¤ô¤£»Ý¦¨ ¥»¡B¥ÃÄò¥BµL¬r¡A¦]¦¹«D±`¡u¾A¦X¡v§@¬°²M¼ä¾¯¡A ¥iª¾µª®×À³¿ï (A) suited¡C



6. Thus, the artwork¡¦s original paint colors can be seen just as they were when first painted.

²z¥Ñ

a. ªÅ®æ«e¦³©Ò¦³®æ the artwork¡¦s(ÃÀ³N§@«~ªº)¡A¦Ó ªÅ®æ«á¦³¦Wµüµü²Õ paint colors(ÃC®ÆÃC¦â)¡A¬G ª¾ªÅ®æÀ³¸m¤J§Î®eµü©Î¤Àµü¥H­×¹¢paint colors¡C

b. ¿ï¶µ¤¤©|¦³ (C) fading¡B(F) rubbing ¤Î (I) original ²Å¦X±ø¥ó¡A®Ú¾Ú»y·N¡AºûÅ@®v²¾°£ªí­±²Ö ¿nªº¹Ð«¯«á¡AÃÀ³N§@«~ªº¡u­ì©l¡vÃC®ÆÃC¦â¥i¥H§e ²{¥X¥¦­Ì³Ìªì©Òµeªº¨º¼Ë¡A¥iª¾µª®×À³¿ï (I)¡C



7. The varnish not only protects the colors from fading but also acts as a surface for small particles to stick to.

²z¥Ñ

a. ªÅ®æ«e¦³¤¶µü from¡A¦ÓªÅ®æ«á¦³³s±µµü but¡A¬Gª¾ ªÅ®æÀ³¸m¤J¦Wµü©Î°Ê¦Wµü¡C

b. ³Ñ¾l¿ï¶µ¬Ò²Å¦X±ø¥ó¡A®Ú¾Ú»y·N¡A«G¥úº£¤£¶È¯à°÷ «OÅ@ÃC¦â¤£¡u¿Æ¦â¡v¡A¤]§@¬°Åý¤p¤À¤l¯à°÷»E¿nªº ªí­±¡A¥iª¾µª®×À³¿ï (C) fading¡C



8. Saliva, as it turns out, is one of the best substances for cleaning varnished artwork.

²z¥Ñ

a. ªÅ®æ«e¦³©w«aµü the ¤Î§Î®eµü best(³Ì¦nªº)¡A¦Ó ªÅ®æ«á¦³¤¶µü for¡A¥B®Ú¾ÚªÅ®æ«eªº one of(¨ä ¤¤¤§¤@)¡A¥iª¾ªÅ®æÀ³¸m¤J½Æ¼Æ¦Wµü¡C

b. ¿ï¶µ¤¤¶È³Ñ (B) substances ²Å¦X±ø¥ó¡A¸m¤J«áªí µ²ªG¤f¤ô´N¬O¨ä¤¤¤@ºØ³Ì¾A¦X¥Î¨Ó²M²z¤W¹L«G¥úº£ §@«~ªº¡uª«½è¡v¡A¬G¿ï¤§¡C



9. Art workshops are not the only surprising places where saliva shows its usefulness.

²z¥Ñ

a. ªÅ®æ«e¦³©Ò¦³®æits¡A¬Gª¾ªÅ®æÀ³¸m¤J¦Wµü©Î°Ê¦Wµü¡C

b. ³Ñ¾l¿ï¶µ¬Ò²Å¦X±ø¥ó¡A®Ú¾Ú»y·N¡AÃÀ³N¤u§@§{¤£¥u ¬O¤f¤ô®i²{¨ä¡u¥Î³B¡vªº°ß¤@¤@­ÓÅý¤H·N¥~ªº¦a ¤è¡A¬G¿ï (G) usefulness¡C



10. Soldiers in their barracks can tell you that the best shine one can make on a hard leather boot is by rubbing spit onto just-applied boot polish.

²z¥Ñ

a. ªÅ®æ«e¦³¤¶µü by¡A¦ÓªÅ®æ«á¦³¦Wµü spit(¤f¤ô)¡A ¬Gª¾ªÅ®æÀ³¸m¤J¤Îª«°Êµüªº°Ê¦Wµü§Î¡C

b. ¿ï¶µ¤¤¶È³Ñ (F) rubbing ²Å¦X±ø¥ó¡A¸m¤J«áªí¤@­Ó ¤H­n§âµw¥Ö¹uÀ¿¨ì³Ì«G¡A´N¬O±N¤f¤ô¡u¶î¨ì¡v­è¤W ¦n¾cªoªº¹u¤lªí­±¤W¡A¬G¿ï¤§¡C



¤¤¤å½Ķ(& µª®×)


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